Die Lösungen zu den Übungen findet ihr sowohl unten in den Beispielen als auch unter github.com/meshell/Cpp-Idioms.
C++ Idioms
A programming idiom is a recurring construct in a programming language. It is important to know the idioms associated with a programming language and how to use them for gaining fluency in that language.Idioms are similar to patterns but usually smaller, programming language specific and do cover algorithms and concepts rather than design issues.
RAII
Intent
- To guarantee release of resource(s) at the end of a scope
- To provide basic exception safety guarantee
Description
Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII), is a C++ programming technique which binds the life cycle of a resource (allocated memory, open socket, open file, locked mutex, database connection—anything that exists in limited supply) to the lifetime of an object with automatic storage duration. RAII guarantees that the resource is available to any function that may access the object (resource availability is a class invariant). It also guarantees that all resources are released when their controlling objects go out of scope, in reverse order of acquisition. Likewise, if resource acquisition fails (the constructor exits with an exception), all resources acquired by every fully-constructed member and base subobject are released in reverse order of initialization. This leverages the core language features (object lifetime, scope exit, order of initialization and stack unwinding) to eliminate resource leaks and guarantee exception safety. Another name for this technique is Scope-Bound Resource Management (SBRM).Example
References
Smart pointer
Intent
- Avoid manual memory management to improve safety and reduce bugs and memory leaks.
- Declare ownership explicitly
Description
Example
References
- cppreference.com std::unique_ptr
- cppreference.com std::smart_ptr
- cppreference.com std::weak_ptr
- Herb Sutter's GotW #90
- C++ Samples: Unique ownership
- Item 18-22 of "Effective Modern C++" by Scott Meyers, O'Reilly, 2014
PIMPL
Intent
- Remove compilation dependencies on internal class implementations and improve compile times.
Description
When anything in a header file class definition changes, all users of that class must be recompiled – even if the only change was to the private class members that the users of the class cannot even access. The PIMPL idiom hides private members from any users of the header file, allowing these internal details to change without requiring recompilation of the client code.Example
References
- Herb Sutter's GotW #100
- C++ Samples: PIMPL]
- Item 22 of "Effective Modern C++" by Scott Meyers, O'Reilly, 2014
Rule of Five
Intent
- Safely and efficiently implement RAII to encapsulate the management of dynamically allocated resources.
Description
The rule of five is a modern expansion of the rule of three. Firstly, the rule of three specifies that if a class implements any of the following functions, it should implement all of them:- copy constructor
- copy assignment operator
- destructor
- move constructor
- move assignment operator
Example
References
Copy & Swap
Intent
- To create an exception safe implementation of overloaded assignment operator.
Description
Copy assignment and move assignment operators can be expressed in terms of move constructor, destructor, and the swap() member function, if one is provided. For the move assignment operator this comes at the cost of one additional call to the move constructor , which is often acceptable.Example
References
- cppreference.com Copy assignment operator
- cppreference.com Move assignment operator
- More C++ Idioms wikibook: Copy and swap
Rule of Zero
Intent
- Utilise the value semantics of existing types to avoid having to implement custom copy and move operations.
Description
Classes that have custom destructors, copy/move constructors or copy/move assignment operators should deal exclusively with ownership and support the appropriate copy/move semantics. Other classes therefore should not have custom destructors, copy/move constructors or copy/move assignment operators.Example
When a base class is intended for polymorphic use, its destructor may have to be declared public and virtual. This blocks implicit moves (and deprecates implicit copies), and so the special member functions have to be declared as defaulted.References
Erase-Remove
Intent
- Eliminate elements from a STL container.
Example
References
- More C++ Idioms wikibook: Erase-Remove
- C++ Samples: Remove elements from a container
- cppreference.com
Type Generator
Intent
- Simplify creation of complex template-based types
- Synthesize a new type or types based on template argument(s)
- Localize default policies when policy-based class design is used
Example
References
Overriding Virtual Functions
Intent
- Override a virtual function of a base class in a safe manner.
Description
Overriding virtual functions may cause problems, for example during refactoring, when renaming a (non pure) virtual base method. Because the compiler cannot warn you that you forgot to replace the overridden methods in the specialized classes you may actually declare a new method in the specialized class instead of overriding one. Therefore as a guideline when using C++11 or higher is: Always write override when you intend to override a virtual function.Example
References
Prohibit derivation
Intent
- Prohibit to further override a virtual function.
- Prohibit a class to have further-derived classes.
Description
Writing final makes a virtual function no longer overrideable in further-derived classes, or a class no longer permitted to have further-derived classes.Example
References
Shrink to fit
Intent
- Minimize the capacity of a container just enough to hold existing range.
Description
Since C++11 the Shrink-to-fit idiom is directly supported.Example
References
Range-based for loop
Intent
- Executes a for loop over a range of values, such as all elements in a container.
Description
Since C++11 the Range-based for loop is used as a more readable equivalent to the traditional for loop.Example
References
AAA (Almost always auto)
Intent
- Specify that the type of the variable that is being declared will be automatically deduced from its initializer.
- Write code against interfaces, not implementations.
- Prevent correctness and performance issues that can bedevil manual type declarations.
Description
When declaring variables in block scope, in namespace scope, in init statements of for loops, etc, the keyword auto may be used as the type specifier. Once the type of the initializer has been determined, the compiler determines the type that will replace the keyword auto using the rules for template argument deduction from a function call.Examples
References
- cppreference.com: auto
- Herb Sutter's GotW #94
- Item 5 of "Effective Modern C++" by Scott Meyers, O'Reilly, 2014
Use Standard Library Algorithms
Intent
- Use the standard library algorithms rather than reinventing the wheel.
Examples
References
constexpr
Intent
- To have an integral value that is const and known during compilation.
- To place values in read-only memory.
Example
References
- Item 15 of "Effective Modern C++" by Scott Meyers, O'Reilly, 2014
User-defined literals
Intent
- Produce objects of user-defined type by defining a user-defined suffix.
Example
References
Static Assertion
Intent
- Perform compile-time assertion checking.
Example
References
Placement Insert aka emplace
Intent
- Creating objects in place while inserting into a container.
- Enable insertion of elements that are not CopyConstructable.
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